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        <h1 id="前言"><a href="#前言" class="headerlink" title="前言"></a>前言</h1><p>​    本章将介绍不同芯片的三端稳压电路原理图（固定及可调），并进行原理分析。</p>
<span id="more"></span>

<h1 id="78LXX系列"><a href="#78LXX系列" class="headerlink" title="78LXX系列"></a>78LXX系列</h1><h2 id="元器件简介"><a href="#元器件简介" class="headerlink" title="元器件简介"></a>元器件简介</h2><p>​    <strong>78LXX</strong>系列是<strong>单片固定</strong>的<strong>正电压调节器集成电路</strong>。它们适用于要求电源电流高达<strong>100mA</strong>的应用，与之相反的是<strong>79LXX</strong>系列，其是<strong>负电压调节器集成电路</strong>，都为<strong>线性稳压器</strong>。</p>
<ul>
<li><p>输出电流高达100mA</p>
</li>
<li><p>提供5V、6V、8V、9V、12V、15V、18V、24V固定输出电压</p>
</li>
<li><p>热过载停机保护短路限流</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="元器件命名规范"><a href="#元器件命名规范" class="headerlink" title="元器件命名规范"></a>元器件命名规范</h2><p>​    78LXX：其后面的XX就代表了输出电压的大小。</p>
<ul>
<li>例：78L05，5V稳压芯片</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="元器件封装"><a href="#元器件封装" class="headerlink" title="元器件封装"></a>元器件封装</h2><p>​    78LXX系列提供了三种封装：<strong>SOP-8    TO-92    SOT-89</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>SOP-8    1：Output    2,3,6,7：GND    8：Input    4,5：N.C</li>
<li>TO-92    1：Output    2：GND    3：Input</li>
<li>SOT-89    1：Output    2：GND    3：Input</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="元器件应用电路"><a href="#元器件应用电路" class="headerlink" title="元器件应用电路"></a>元器件应用电路</h2><p>​    下图引用自78LXX官方数据手册</p>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/12/ZR7lW7.png" alt="78LXX应用电路"></p>
<p>​    输入端加电容是相当于平滑电容，起到一个滤波的作用，提高IC工作的稳定性。 输出端加电容是为本地器件提供能量的储能器件，它能使稳压器的输出均匀化，降低负载需求。 </p>
<ul>
<li>滤波作用：78LXX是线性稳压，其输出波形杂波比较严重，而且输出会复制输入的波形出来，所以要加入滤波电容</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="AMS1117系列"><a href="#AMS1117系列" class="headerlink" title="AMS1117系列"></a>AMS1117系列</h1><h2 id="元器件简介-1"><a href="#元器件简介-1" class="headerlink" title="元器件简介"></a>元器件简介</h2><p>​    AMS1117是<strong>三端可调</strong>或<strong>固定电压</strong>的高效<strong>线性稳压器</strong>。</p>
<ul>
<li><p>低至1V压降</p>
</li>
<li><p>可调和固定电压调节器的设计可提供800mA的输出电流和工作电压</p>
</li>
<li><p>AMS117设备与其他三端SCSI稳压器引脚兼容</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="元器件命名规范-1"><a href="#元器件命名规范-1" class="headerlink" title="元器件命名规范"></a>元器件命名规范</h2><p>​    AMS1117CD-XX：其后面的XX就代表了输出电压的大小。</p>
<ul>
<li>例：AMS1117CD-3.3，3.3V稳压芯片</li>
<li>AMS1117ADJ中的就是电源电压可调的AMS1117</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="元器件封装-1"><a href="#元器件封装-1" class="headerlink" title="元器件封装"></a>元器件封装</h2><p>​    AMS1117提供了两种封装：<strong>SOT-223    TO-252</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>AMS1117固定电压引脚：1- Ground     2- VOUT     3- VIN</li>
<li>AMS1117可调电压引脚：1- Adjust       2- VOUT     3- VIN</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="元器件应用电路-1"><a href="#元器件应用电路-1" class="headerlink" title="元器件应用电路"></a>元器件应用电路</h2><p>​    由于固定电压电路与78LXX系列相同，所以这里不再进行说明。</p>
<p>​    AMS1117可调电压电路：</p>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/12/ZR7B5G.png" alt="AMS1117可调电压电路"></p>
<blockquote>
<p>​    AMS117系列提供1.25V参考电压，在输出和调节端子之间。放置电阻器在这两个端子之间产生恒定的电流，通过R1和R2设置总输出电压。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>​    输入端加电容是相当于平滑电容，起到一个滤波的作用，提高IC工作的稳定性。 输出端加电容是为本地器件提供能量的储能器件，它能使稳压器的输出均匀化，降低负载需求。 </p>
<ul>
<li><p>滤波作用：AMS1117是线性稳压，其输出波形杂波比较严重，而且输出会复制输入的波形出来，所以要加入滤波电容</p>
</li>
<li><p>输出电压计算：Vout=Vref*（R1+R2）/R1 Vref为参考电压 即1.25V</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="LM317系列"><a href="#LM317系列" class="headerlink" title="LM317系列"></a>LM317系列</h1><h2 id="元器件简介-2"><a href="#元器件简介-2" class="headerlink" title="元器件简介"></a>元器件简介</h2><p>​    LM317是应用最为广泛的电源集成电路之一，它不仅具有固定式三端稳压电路的最简单形式，又具备<strong>输出电压可调</strong>的特点。此外，还具有<strong>调压范围宽、稳压性能好、噪声低、纹波抑制比高</strong>等优点。</p>
<ul>
<li><p>输出电流超过1.5安培</p>
</li>
<li><p>输出可在1.2V和37V之间调节</p>
</li>
<li><p>内部热过载保护</p>
</li>
<li><p>内部短路电流限制</p>
</li>
<li><p>输出晶体管安全区域补偿</p>
</li>
<li><p>高压应用的浮动操作</p>
</li>
<li><p>无需储存许多固定电压</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="元器件封装-2"><a href="#元器件封装-2" class="headerlink" title="元器件封装"></a>元器件封装</h2><p>LM317提供了一种封装：<strong>TO-220</strong></p>
<p>TO-220    1. Adjust     2. Vout     3. Vin</p>
<h2 id="元器件应用电路-2"><a href="#元器件应用电路-2" class="headerlink" title="元器件应用电路"></a>元器件应用电路</h2><p>下图引用自LM317官方数据手册</p>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/12/ZRvVGy.png" alt="LM317应用电路"></p>
<ul>
<li>如果LM317位于离电源较远的位置，则需要Cin</li>
<li>稳定性不需要Co，但它改善了瞬态响应</li>
<li>电压=1.25V*（1+R2/R1）+IAdj R2</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="LM2576系列"><a href="#LM2576系列" class="headerlink" title="LM2576系列"></a>LM2576系列</h1><h2 id="元器件简介-3"><a href="#元器件简介-3" class="headerlink" title="元器件简介"></a>元器件简介</h2><p>​    LM2576系列是美国国家半导体公司生产的3A电流输出降压开关型单片集成稳压电路，它内含固定频率振荡器(52kHz)和基准稳压器(1.23V)，并具 有完善的保护电路，包括电流限制及热关断电路等，利用该器件只需极少的外围器件便可构成高效稳压电路。</p>
<ul>
<li>能驱动3A负载</li>
<li>有优异的线性和负载调整能力</li>
<li>将外部元件的数目减到最少，使用简便</li>
<li>在故障状态下提供完全保护的热关断功能</li>
<li>输入电压范围广，40V至HV型号的60V</li>
<li>固定输出电压有3.3V，5V，12V，15V，还有可调整输出的型号</li>
<li>高效率</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="元器件封装-3"><a href="#元器件封装-3" class="headerlink" title="元器件封装"></a>元器件封装</h2><p>LM2576提供了两种封装：TO-220    TO-263，两种封装引脚相同。</p>
<p>1-Vin：电压输入引脚</p>
<p>2-Output：电压输出引脚</p>
<p>3-Ground：负极</p>
<p>4-Feedback：反馈引脚</p>
<p>5-ON：使能引脚 低电平有效</p>
<h2 id="元器件电路图"><a href="#元器件电路图" class="headerlink" title="元器件电路图"></a>元器件电路图</h2><p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/14/ZRThBt.png" alt="LM2576元器件电路图"></p>
<h3 id="原理分析和计算"><a href="#原理分析和计算" class="headerlink" title="原理分析和计算"></a>原理分析和计算</h3><p>1、输入电容的选择</p>
<p>​    根据芯片数据手册的推荐，采用100uF的铝电解电容作为输入电容，因为考虑到安全性，耐压值取输入电压的1.5倍，所以电容耐压值选用50V的。</p>
<p>2、二极管的选择</p>
<p>​    选择肖特基二极管，保留20%裕量，电流至少是最大负载电流的1.2倍，所以承受电流应为2.51.2=3A；承受电压至少是最大输入电压的1.25倍，所以承受电压至少为1.2524=30V。</p>
<p>​    这里说明一下，为什么我们不选择常见的1N4007等二极管。</p>
<ul>
<li><p>肖特基的导通压降比较小</p>
</li>
<li><p>2.LM2576的开关频率是52KHz固定值，这个频率对于1N4007来说太高了，可能会出现关断不及时的问题，而肖特基由导通转化为截止时非常迅速，可以胜任开关频率下的工作。</p>
<p>综合考虑选择贴片二极管SS34，3A电流40V耐压，对应的直插二极管时1N5822。(SS14对应1N5819，1A电流40V耐压)</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>3、电感的推导</p>
<p>​    电感L1的选择要根据LM2576的输出电压、最大输入电压、最大负载电流等参数选择，首先，依据如下公式计算出电压·微秒常数（E·T）：</p>
<p>​    E·T=（Vin - Vout）&amp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://bbs.elecfans.com/zhuti_715_1.html">TI</a>mes;Vout/ Vin&amp;<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://bbs.elecfans.com/zhuti_715_1.html">TI</a>mes;1000/f （1）</p>
<p>​    上式中，Vin是LM2576的最大输入电压、Vout是LM2576的输出电压、f是LM2576的工作振荡频率值（52kHz）。E·T确定之后，就可参照参考文献所提供的相应的电压·微秒常数和负载电流曲线来查找所需的电感值了。</p>
<p>4、输出电容的选择</p>
<p>根据TI的手册和相关资料，输出电容应满足    ,其另外输出电容不超过2200uF，不小于10微法，取参数  , 计算得输出电容798uF, 所以选择相近的1000uF电容。</p>
<p>又因为输出电容的耐压值至少是输出电压的1.5倍，所以输出电容的耐压值应该，故选择耐压值16V的电容。</p>
<p>综合容量和耐压，选择1000uF/16V的铝电解电容，实际做板子时可以采用多个小电容并联的方式。</p>
<p>5、R1、R2电阻阻值的选择（在可调的LM2576芯片的4脚接R1 R2就可以调整输出电压）</p>
<p>R1选择阻值在1KΩ-5KΩ之间，方便选择和计算，取R1为4.7KΩ。</p>
<p>查阅芯片手册，可知 </p>
<p>这里说明一下，1.23V 是 LM2576 电源芯片内部的基准源电压，不同的芯片这个值不一样。至于为什么有这么一个基准电压，有兴趣的可以研究开关电源芯片的环路控制。</p>
<p>我们的设计中，输出电压为5V，根据上式计算得R2得值为14.4KΩ。因为计算和元件都存在误差，电阻要保留一定裕量，实现小幅度电压调节，所以实际取R2为20KΩ的变阻器。</p>
<h1 id="电路原理分析"><a href="#电路原理分析" class="headerlink" title="电路原理分析"></a>电路原理分析</h1><ul>
<li>由于都是稳压芯片，其应用大同小异，就不一一赘述，所以这里就以LM317为例分析电路原理</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://t1.picb.cc/uploads/2021/04/12/ZRvIfs.png" alt="LM317稳压电源"></p>
<h2 id="基本框图"><a href="#基本框图" class="headerlink" title="基本框图"></a>基本框图</h2><p><img src="http://file.elecfans.com/web1/M00/4E/66/o4YBAFq8qf2ALmPEAAAyHIRnYf8342.jpg" alt="稳压电源基本框图"></p>
<ul>
<li>电源经过过<strong>电源变压器降压</strong>后被整流电路整流为<strong>直流电</strong>，经过<strong>C1和C2滤波</strong>后给供电给LM317，通过<strong>调整RP1</strong>可调整LM317<strong>输出电压</strong>。</li>
<li>LM317在不加散热板的情况下最大功耗为2W</li>
<li>VD1为保护二极管，防止稳压器输出端短路损坏稳压器</li>
<li>VD2用于防止输入短路损坏集成电路</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="降压部分"><a href="#降压部分" class="headerlink" title="降压部分"></a>降压部分</h2><p>​    电源变压器是<strong>降压变压器</strong>，它的作用是<strong>将220V的交流电压变换成整流滤波电路所需要的交流电压Ui</strong>。</p>
<h2 id="整流部分"><a href="#整流部分" class="headerlink" title="整流部分"></a>整流部分</h2><p>​    该设计采用<strong>桥式整流电路</strong>。其由四只二极管组成，其构成原则就是<strong>保证在变压器副边电压u的整个周期内，负载上的电压和电流方向始终不变。</strong></p>
<p><img src="http://file.elecfans.com/web1/M00/4E/66/o4YBAFq8qguAY-WSAABIjflEDdo657.jpg" alt="整流框图"></p>
<h2 id="滤波部分"><a href="#滤波部分" class="headerlink" title="滤波部分"></a>滤波部分</h2><p>​    经过整流后的直流电幅值变化很大，会影响电路的工作性能。可利用电容的<strong>“通交流，隔直流”</strong>的特性，在电路中并人两个<strong>并联电容</strong>作为<strong>电容滤波器</strong>，<strong>滤去其中的交流成分</strong>。</p>
<p>　　电容滤波电路是最常见也是最简单的滤波电路，在整流电路的输出端（即负载电阻两端）并联一个电容即构成电容滤波电路。<strong>滤波电容容量较大，因此一般均采用电解电容</strong>，在接线时要注意电解电容的正负极。<strong>电容滤波电路利用电容的充、放电作用，使输出电压趋于平滑</strong>。如果将两个滤波电容相连接，且连接点接地，就可同时得到输出电压平滑的正负电源。</p>
<h2 id="稳压部分"><a href="#稳压部分" class="headerlink" title="稳压部分"></a>稳压部分</h2><p>​    稳压部分由LM317及其外围电路构成，通过调整RP1调节输出电压。</p>
<h1 id="滤波电容知识点"><a href="#滤波电容知识点" class="headerlink" title="滤波电容知识点"></a>滤波电容知识点</h1><ul>
<li>输入端并联的滤波电容为输入滤波电容，容量大的电解电容可以滤除掉叠加在输入信号上的低频噪声，容量小的瓷片电容可以滤除掉叠加在输入信号上的高频噪声</li>
<li>输出端并联的滤波电容为输出滤波电容，一般都为小容量的瓷片电容，滤除掉叠加在输出信号上的高频噪声</li>
<li>滤波电容的耐压值选择应该为大于电压1/3之上</li>
</ul>

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    <strong>本文作者： </strong>江麟
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    <strong>本文链接：</strong>
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    <strong>版权声明： </strong>本博客所有文章除特别声明外，均采用 <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/" rel="noopener" target="_blank"><i class="fab fa-fw fa-creative-commons"></i>BY-NC-SA</a> 许可协议。转载请注明出处！
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